Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Composition writing in PSLE

1.      It is imperative to write a relatively good story!  Of the ‘200’ marks for English, we are always harping on getting the main bulk, i.e. – ‘Paper 2’, as high as we can.  But if you look at the every grammar / vocabulary / cloze question and say that it is important, is it not the same that you have ‘lost’ ten to fifteen questions wrong if you score ‘30’ or ‘25’ for continuous writing?

2.      Opening – The normal openings are ‘sound’ and ‘dialogue’.  You can use a question, an adage, or just a statement of exclamation.  E.g.  That had to be the worst day of my life! / I had to score that penalty in the last minute of normal time! / I would never go on a trip to the zoological gardens again! as a hook, and explain.

3.      Plotting – Whenever possible, design your plot to have a climax near the end.  Lead the reader on an emotional roller-coaster ride.  Skilful writers are able to lead the reader to think that the story is destined for an expected ending before reining them in to an unexpected, pleasant closure. 

4.      Ending – Never end the story immediately after the climax; have a (few) paragraph(s) to explain the feelings after the climax and what the story you wrote meant to the main character.  The reader might ask: “So what does this mean to the main character?”  Be sure to answer that!

5.      Flashback - For a flashback, conclude by bringing the story back to the start of your story (present situation).  Your last paragraph could entail your main character snapping out of his/her thoughts back to the present situation with a grin, a shudder, etc.

6.      Language – It is possible to score for language!  Try your utmost to use different terms to mean the same people / things.  E.g. Police = men in blue = capable crook-catchers (notice alliteration!) = law-enforcers.  Ensure that you use a few instances of a particular creative writing technique taught.  This could be deliberately thought of but used subtly.  Techniques include:  creative similes, alliteration, idioms, good phrases, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, personification, rhyme, question, etc.

7.      Describe characters / actions / setting – Consider these: [The girl cried in the canteen.  No one cared about her.]  vs [Curling pitifully in a heap at the secluded corner of the school canteen, the primary three girl sat alone.  The shoulder-length haired girl wailed pitifully.  It must have been a hundred-decibel loud – louder than the noise emanated by a subway train.   Something was apparently wrong.  Yet, no one seemed to take any notice of her.]  Which did you prefer reading?

8.      Feelings – Write about your characters’ feelings!  We experience many different feelings within the space of an hour.  Your characters should too.  Make the feelings explicit!  Tell your readers how they felt at different points in your story.

9.      Proofread – Students feel they have nothing to check after writing.  They choose to lay on the desk and sleep.  How wrong they are!  Make use of the invaluable time to reread your story as a reader, not an author.  You might have spelt words wrongly in haste to get your writing done!  Check for possible errors used in tenses.  See if you can add any description, feeling, anything!  Improve upon your writing!

Hope these help!  Next, I will try to consolidate some examples of good phrases and creative writing,  I wish you all the best in writing!

Monday, August 1, 2011

Non-conforming plurals

We know a lot of singular nouns are changed to plural using an addition of 's' or 'es' at the end of the noun.  There are a few that do not conform to this rule.  What are they?

1.  man -> men; woman -> women; gentleman -> gentlemen; ox -> oxen
2.  child -> children
3.  tooth -> teeth; foot -> feet; goose -> geese
4.  half -> halves; life -> lives; wolf -> wolves; leaf -> leaves
5.  baby -> babies; fly -> flies; army -> armies; puppy -> puppies; berry -> berries
6. passer-by -> passers-by; son-in-law -> sons-in-law; bride-to-be to brides-to-be
7.  forum -> fora
8.  phenomenon -> phenomena
9.  criterion -> criteria
10. mouse -> mice

These words are the same for singular or plural:
bison; sheep; fish (some argument here); deer; moose; advice; salmon; bread (and all uncountable nouns)

Some words, however, have two plural forms:
hoof -> hoofs or hooves; dwarf -> dwarfs or dwarves; zero -> zeros or zeroes

Finally, there are some words that seem plural but are really singular:
news; sunglasses; trousers; scissors; spectacles; clothes; goggles; jeans; pliers; binoculars; pyjamas; sandals; stockings; sneakers; slippers; shorts

Anymore non-conformists that we can add on to the list?

Friday, July 29, 2011

Pair words

Some words often appear as a pair (as a phrase).  Do you know them?

1.  ins and outs
2.  ups and downs
3.  dos and don'ts
4.  hustle and bustle
5.  ebb and flow
6.  round and round

Thursday, July 28, 2011

Pronunciation

We are nearing oral for the P6 students.  Hence, let us begin a little collection of words that are pronounced differently.  Many of these words have a different pronunciation from what they seem as they are borrowed from foreign languages (e.g. French, Spanish, etc.).

Words with different pronunciation than what is spelt:

NOTE: I am not following IPA or any convention of phonics especially here; am just sounding them out using familiar words)
1.  Alkali (al-ka-lie)
2.  Alibi (a-ler-by)
3.  Facade (fe-sard)
4.  Subpoena (sub-pee-na)
5.  Rendezvous (ron-day-voo)
6.  Quay (key)
7.  Parquet (par-kay)
8.  Suite (sweet)
9.  Photographer (Fer-to-grapher)

Tuesday, July 19, 2011

Usage of short forms, informal words

Students somehow do not understand that short forms of words and contractions (I'm, didn't, can't, etc.) should not be used for proper writing.  If they are to appear, they should always appear within quotes.

If you were to abbreviate a term, you should write it out in full the first time it is mentioned and provide its abbreviation in brackets.  For example, I had been to the United States of America (the USA).  The USA is a very very big country.

You simply should not use words like 'didn't', 'couldn't', etc., in proper writing, lest you are writing them in dialogue.

Also, the usage of informal words should be shunned.  I am not sure if there is a proper stand on this but when I was teaching in school, words like 'mom', 'dad', etc., are always marked as spelling errors.  True, even the tuition centre that I teach in has its model compositions using 'mom' and dad' outside quotes.  However, I always caution the children that I teach that I believe that school teachers frown upon the usage of those words in proper writing.

Last but not least, I do not like to use the word 'kids' to meant 'children'.  Check in the dictionary if you do not know what I mean!

Saturday, July 16, 2011

Different spellings for different forms of the word

There are some words coming from the same root word that have different spellings when the forms are changed.

1 - curious -> curiosity
2 - vigour -> vigorous
3 - pronounce -> pronunciation
4 - explain -> explanation
5 - furious -> ferocity
6 - monster -> montrous
7 - generous -> generosity
8 - four -> forty (but nine -> ninety)
9 - labour -> laborious

Are there any others?

Monday, July 11, 2011

Common errors

This starts my collection of common errors of words mixed up by many of my students in their writing:

respond (verb) vs response (noun)
WRONG:  I had no respond from my father when I asked him for permission to go out.
CORRECT:  I had no response from my father when I asked him for permission to go out.

advise (verb) vs advice (noun)
WRONG: Father adviced me to study hard for the upcoming examinations.
CORRECT: Father advised me to study hard for the upcoming examinations.

save (verb) vs safe (noun)
WRONG: I tried to safe my neighbour whose house was on fire.
CORRECT: I tried to save my neighbour whose house was on fire.

relieve (verb) vs relief (noun)
WRONG: I heaved a great sigh of relieve when he got down safe.
CORRECT: I heaved a great sigh of relief when he got down safe.

letter vs alphabet
WRONG: 'A' is an alphabet.
CORRECT: 'A' is a letter in the alphabet.

horn is a noun, not a verb!
WRONG: Father horned at the inconsiderate driver who changed lanes suddenly.
CORRECT: Father sounded his horn at the inconsiderate driver who changed lanes suddenly.

Commonly mis-spelt words:
embarrassed; referred vs offered; stifle a yawn, immediately, curiosity (no 'u' after 'o'), continuous, refrigerator (no 'd')